带你看懂 红斑狼疮
资料来自MEDWEB,也许你自己可以翻译的更好哦。
What Is Lupus?
Lupus is a lifelong disorder of the immune system. Immune cells attack the body's own healthy tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Symptoms may be limited to the skin, but more often lupus also causes internal problems such as joint pain. In severe cases, it can damage the heart, kidneys, and other vital organs. Although there's no cure, there are treatments that can minimize the damage.
什么是狼疮？ 狼疮是一种终身的免疫系统疾病。免疫细胞攻击机体本身的健康组织，导致炎症和组织损伤。症状可以被局限在皮肤上，但是更经常发生的是狼疮也引起机体内部的损伤，比如关节疼痛。严重的病例，尚可累及心脏、肾脏和其他重要的脏器。虽然人类尚未能够治愈狼疮，但是通过一些治疗可以把狼疮引起的损伤降到最低。
Lupus Symptom: Joint Pain
Joint and muscle pain is often the first sign of lupus. This pain tends to occur on both sides of the body at the same time, particularly in the joints of the wrists, hands, fingers, and knees. The joints may look inflamed and feel warm to the touch. But unlike rheumatoid arthritis, lupus usually does not cause permanent joint damage.
狼疮症状：关节疼痛 关节和肌肉的疼痛经常是狼疮的首发症状。这种疼痛更喜欢同一时间在机体的双侧发生，尤其是在双侧腕关节、手、手指和膝盖。被累及的关节看起来红肿，摸起来温暖。但是不像类风湿性关节炎，狼疮通常不会导致关节的永久损伤（译者：幸亏，这也是为什么要严格区分两个疾病的原因，因为关节的预后极大不同。有时候在一些非常相似狼疮也不易与类风湿性关节炎相区分的疾病就更加需要鉴别了。）
Lupus Symptom: Butterfly Rash
A tell-tale sign of lupus is a butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and bridge of the nose. Other common skin problems include sensitivity to the sun with flaky, red spots or a scaly, purple rash on various parts of the body, including the face, neck, and arms. Some people also develop mouth sores.
狼疮症状：蝶形红斑 一个具有诊断意义的体征是横跨双颊和鼻梁的蝴蝶样红斑（蝶形红斑）。其他常见的皮肤损害有光敏性，可导致机体多部位皮肤变薄，出现红斑，或含鳞屑的紫色皮疹，包括面部、颈部和手臂，一些病人尚可发展为口腔疼痛。
PS：皮肤改变是观察狼疮活动的最好的窗口之一，即可让狼疮病人自己回忆特异性的特征，又是临床医生确立诊断、判断活动性的条件。尤其是与SLE关系最为密切的颊部红斑！
Lupus Symptom: Nail Changes
Lupus can cause the nails to crack or fall off. They may be discolored with blue or reddish spots at the base. These spots are actually in the nail bed, the result of inflamed small blood vessels. Swelling may also make the skin around the base of the nail look red and puffy.
狼疮症状：指甲的改变
狼疮可以导致指甲皲裂或者直接脱落。指甲可褪色为蓝色或底部出现淡红色斑点。这些斑点实际上是甲床的小血管炎症所导致，加上甲床的水肿可以导致指甲底部周围的皮肤看起来又红又肿。
Lupus Symptoms: Fever and Fatigue
Most people with lupus experience some degree of fatigue. In many cases, it is severe enough to interfere with exercise and other daily activities. Most patients also run a low-grade fever from time to time. This unexplained fever may be the only warning sign in some people.
狼疮症状：发热和乏力
大多数狼疮病人都经历过不同程度的乏力。很多病人的疲乏程度甚至足以干扰到日常生活和体育活动。而很多病人却遭受到持续低热的困扰，有时候这莫名其妙的发热可能是某些病人唯一的警告性症状。
Lupus Symptom: Light Sensitivity
Many people with lupus are unusually sensitive to the sun and other forms of ultraviolet light. A day at the beach may trigger a skin rash in areas exposed to sunlight and may worsen other lupus symptoms. Certain medications can make people with lupus even more sensitive to UV light.
狼疮症状： 光过敏
很多狼疮病人对阳光和其他波长（300-320nm）的紫外线敏感。在海滩度过一天可以引起暴露在阳光底下的皮肤出现皮疹和加剧其他狼疮症状。毫无疑问某些药物是可以令到狼疮病人对紫外线更加敏感。
Lupus Symptom: Hair Loss
The symptoms of lupus tend to come and go, and this includes hair loss. Patients may go through periods where their hair falls out in patches or becomes thinner all across the scalp. Once the flare-up is over, new hair is likely to grow back.
狼疮症状：脱发
粗译：狼疮的症状反反复复，当然这些症状包括头发脱落。病人也许会遭受这样一个时期：头发一小块一小块脱落或者整片头皮头发稀疏零落，当这个突发症状过完之后，头发也许可以重新长回来。
Lupus Symptom: Raynaud's
Some people with lupus develop a condition called Raynaud's phenomenon. Their fingers and toes become painful, numb, and tingly in response to cold temperatures or emotional stress. This happens when small blood vessels spasm and restrict blood flow to the area. During an attack, the fingers and toes may turn white or blue. People can also have Raynaud's without having lupus or any serious health complications.
狼疮症状：雷诺现象
粗译：一些狼疮病人出现一种症状----雷诺现象。当遇到冷空气或是情绪激动的时候他们的手指和脚趾变得刺痛和麻木，这是因为小血管痉挛并限制了血液流向这些区域所以导致症状的发生。在一次事件发生期间，手指和脚趾可以变成白色或者蓝色。人们可以出现雷诺现象而不伴有狼疮或者其他严重的并发症。
Lupus or Something Else?
When lupus begins, it can look a lot like rheumatoid arthritis, which causes joint pain and swelling, or fibromyalgia, which causes fatigue and pain. One aspect that sets lupus apart is the combination of skin rashes with joint pain and fatigue. There are also lab tests that can help distinguish lupus from other diseases.
狼疮？或是其他疾病？
粗译：当发生狼疮时，它看起来极其像类风湿性关节炎------可以导致关节痛和肿胀，或者纤维肌痛（导致疲乏和疼痛）。这是突出狼疮是一种由皮肤红斑、关节疼痛和疲乏症状组合的一个方面。还有一些实验室检测可以把狼疮从其他疾病当中区别出来。
Diagnosing Lupus
Diagnosing lupus can be tricky. The disease can mimic other conditions, and it often takes a different course in different people. Many people have it for years before developing tell-tale symptoms. Although there is no one test for lupus, certain proteins usually show up in a patient's blood. A blood test for antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) can provide a critical clue. Other lab tests may check cell counts, kidney function, and clotting time. A tissue biopsy of an involved organ such as the skin or kidneys sometimes helps with diagnosis.
狼疮的诊断有时候相当棘手。狼疮可以表现地酷似其他疾病，而且它通常在不同病人身上出现不同的症状。很多病人不知道自己患有狼疮直到能够说明问题的症状（诊断性症状）出现。虽然没有一种检测是专用于狼疮，但某些蛋白通常会出现在狼疮病人的血液当中。检测病人血液中的抗核抗体（ANAs）有时候可提供一条关键性的线索。其他实验室检测比如检查细胞的数量、肾功能、凝血时间等。从病变器官（比如皮肤或者肾脏）取一块组织进行活检有时候对诊断可以起到很大的帮助。
Who Gets Lupus?
Anyone can get lupus. But it affects women 10 times more often than men. Aside from being female, your odds of getting the disease are higher if you are:
African-American, Latino, or Asian
Between the ages of 20 and 40
Related to someone with lupus
谁更容易患狼疮？
任何人均可罹患狼疮，但是女性发病的概率是男性的10倍。除了本身是女性这个因素之外，如果你有以下几条那么你发病的可能性也会增加：
1，非洲裔美国人，拉丁美洲，或者是亚洲人。
2，年龄在20-40岁之间
3，有亲戚患有狼疮
Types of Lupus
When people say "lupus," they usually mean systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the most common and serious type. But there are other types. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus -- also called discoid lupus -- is limited to the skin and doesn't cause the organ damage that sometimes occurs with SLE. The most common symptom is a circular rash. Drug-induced systemic lupus causes temporary lupus symptoms in people who take certain medications.
狼疮的类型
当人们说‘狼疮’的时候，大多数是指系统性红斑狼疮（SLE），这是最常见和最严重的狼疮。但还有其他类型的狼疮。皮肤红斑狼疮----也叫盘状红斑狼疮---病变局限在皮肤而不会引起其他器官的损害，但有时候会与SLE同时出现。最常见的症状就是圆形红斑。当病人服用某些特定的药物之后会出现暂时的狼疮症状，我们称之为药源性红斑狼疮。
Medical Treatments for Lupus
There are ways to control the symptoms of lupus. These include corticosteroid creams for rashes and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for joint pain and fever. Antimalarial medications can help fight joint pain, ulcers, and rashes. Corticosteroids may also be given as pills. In severe cases, they can be given intravenously. People with severe lupus may benefit from drugs that suppress the immune system.
狼疮的治疗：
控制狼疮症状的手段（翻译成‘手段’，或许更加明确双方的立场）有很多。针对皮疹的药物有皮质类固醇乳膏，而针对关节疼痛和发热则有非甾体类抗炎药。尚有抗疟药可以帮忙对付关节疼痛、溃疡和皮疹。皮质类固醇类药物也可以片剂口服，在严重病例尚可通过静脉给药。狼疮病人也可以通过使用抑制免疫系统的药物而受益。
Self-Care for Lupus
Making some changes to your routine can also help reduce lupus flare-ups:
Cover up when you're in the sun.
Don't smoke.
Exercise regularly.
Improve your stress management skills.
Also be sure to get plenty of rest. Some people with lupus need up to 12 hours of sleep a night.
狼疮患者的自我照顾
对日常生活中的某些行为活动作出一些改变也许会减少狼疮的发作次数：
当不得不出现在阳光底下的时候，遮盖好自己（别让皮肤直接暴露在阳光底下，跟光敏有关，或许也会加重其他狼疮症状！）
别吸烟（已吸烟者，戒！）
规律运动锻炼身体
提升你调理压力的技巧
要有足够的休息，有些狼疮病人一个晚上需要12个小时以上的睡眠。
Lupus and Kidney Problems
As lupus progresses, it can interfere with the body's organs. Up to three out of four people with lupus can develop kidney problems. These problems may not cause symptoms, though some people notice swelling in their legs or ankles. Most patients only learn about their kidney trouble when a urine test reveals blood or abnormal protein levels.
狼疮与肾脏的病变
当狼疮进展之时，可以累及机体很多器官。超过3/4的狼疮病人可以进展到肾脏的损害，虽然有些病人会发现腿部和脚踝的水肿，但一般都不会引起其他症状。多数病人都是在做尿常规的时候发现尿里面有血或者不正常的蛋白质水平才知道自己的肾脏出了问题。
Lupus and Heart Problems
The most common heart problem linked to lupus is an inflammation of the sac around the heart. This may cause severe pain in the left side of the chest. People with lupus are also more likely to develop plaques that narrow or clog the arteries. This can lead to coronary artery disease. Other complications include heart valve disease and inflammation of the heart muscle. Call 911 immediately for chest pain, rather than trying figure out the cause yourself.
狼疮与心脏的病变
由狼疮导致的最常见的心脏病变是心包的炎症，这可以引起左胸剧烈的疼痛。狼疮病人也很容易导致血管内斑块的出现从而使血管腔狭窄或是干脆直接阻塞血管腔，这是可以引发冠状动脉病的。其他并发症包括心脏瓣膜病和心肌的炎症。当出现胸痛的时候马上呼叫911，总好过你自己试图着去找出导致胸痛的原因。（在中国，当然是呼叫120）
Lupus and Lung Problems
The tissue surrounding the lungs becomes inflamed in about a third of people with lupus. This may lead to painful breathing, or chest pain, or it may not cause any symptoms at all. Sometimes lupus causes chest pain that is not related to the lungs or the heart. Instead, the pain comes from an inflamed chest muscle or rib joint. Any chest pain should be promptly evaluated by a doctor.
狼疮与肺脏病变
大约有1/3的狼疮患者其肺部周围的组织（译者：有时候是胸膜）出现炎症，这些病变可以导致呼吸疼痛，或者胸痛，或者根本就不出现任何症状。有时候狼疮患者出现胸痛，但并非由肺脏或是心脏所引起，而是来源于胸部肌肉和肋骨的炎症。医生应该对任何种类的胸痛做出迅速的评估。
Lupus and Digestive Problems
Digestive problems are not common with lupus, but some people may experience belly pain, nausea, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, or inflammation of the liver or pancreas. This can be related to lupus itself or medications used to treat the disease. Some people tend to lose weight during lupus flare-ups.
狼疮与消化系统病变
消化道的症状在狼疮患者当中其实并不常见，但有些患者可以遭受腹痛、恶心、呕吐、吞咽困难，或者是肝脏或是胰腺的炎症。这些消化道的症状即可以是由狼疮本身所导致，也可由治疗狼疮的药物所带来。有些病人在狼疮发作期间容易导致体重的下降。
Lupus and Anemia
Lupus and the medications used to treat it can contribute to anemia in some patients. This means the body has too few red blood cells, because it is not making enough, or red blood cells are being destroyed more quickly than they can be replaced. Symptoms include fatigue and shortness of breath.
狼疮与贫血
狼疮和用来治疗狼疮的药物可以导致一些病人发生贫血。这意味着机体的红细胞远远不够，这可能是骨髓造血不够，或者是红细胞被破坏的速度大于骨髓造血的速度。贫血所表现出来的症状包括疲乏和气短。
Lupus and the Nervous System
Lupus can trigger a wide range of problems with the nervous system, most commonly headaches. Mild memory problems are a less common complaint that may come and go over time. Some people with lupus have a greater risk for a stroke, and in rare cases, the disease can lead to seizures.
狼疮和神经系统病变
狼疮可以引发神经系统一些列的病变，最常见的是头痛，第二个被抱怨最多的是轻微的反反复复的记忆障碍。有些狼疮患者发生脑卒中的几率更大，在罕见病例，尚可出现抽搐发作。
Lupus and Mental Health
Depression and anxiety are a risk for people with lupus. This may be the result of the condition's affect on the nervous system combined with the emotional strain of coping with a chronic illness. Be sure to discuss any concerns about your mood with your doctor or other health care provider. There are highly effective treatments for depression and anxiety.
狼疮和心理健康问题
抑郁和焦虑的出现对狼疮病人来说是很危险的。这些心理症状可能是神经系统损伤的影响和长期面对一个慢性疾病所带来的情绪紧张 两方面因素综合所导致。千万记得要与自己的医生或是卫生保健提供人员讨论关于自己情绪方面的问题，这对治疗抑郁和焦虑来说是非常有效的。
Lupus and Pregnancy
Most women with lupus can get pregnant, though the condition increases the risk of complications during pregnancy. Because lupus symptoms come and go, the best time to get pregnant is when symptoms are at a minimum. Women who conceive when symptoms are in remission are less likely to have complications. Make sure your obstetrician knows you have lupus. Your medications may be modified and you may undergo extra monitoring to ensure a successful pregnancy.
狼疮与妊娠
虽然妊娠会增加狼疮并发症出现（或加重）的危险，但大多数患有狼疮的妇女还是可以怀孕的，因为狼疮症状是反复的（也就是说有时候症状来了，有时候症状又走了，原话！），当狼疮症状保持在最轻微的时候就是妊娠的最佳时间。当症状最缓和之时而怀孕的妇女，其出现并发症的可能性是很低的。要让你的产科医生知道你患有狼疮。因为这涉及到你所服药的药物要进行修改（某些药物不能用）和你可能要接受额外的监视来保证你妊娠的成功。
Neonatal Lupus
Most babies born to women with lupus are entirely healthy. But in rare cases, the newborn of a mom with lupus may have neonatal lupus. This condition can cause a skin rash, anemia, or liver problems. The symptoms usually go away after a few months and don't cause permanent damage. However, some babies with neonatal lupus can be born with a serious heart problem.
新生儿狼疮
狼疮妈妈生下的新生儿大多数是完全健康的，但有一些罕见的病例，就是狼疮妈妈产下患有狼疮的新生儿，这种情况可引起新生儿皮疹、贫血或者肝脏病变。一般而言狼疮症状会在几个月之内消失而不遗留永久性损害，然而，一些生下就有狼疮的新生儿可能伴有严重的心脏病。
Living with Lupus
The fatigue and joint pain associated with lupus can make it more difficult to do your job or care for your children. You may have to cut back on activities or ask for help when symptoms flare up. But most people with lupus are able to continue with their usual activities.
与狼疮共舞
狼疮所引起的疲乏和关节疼痛可能会让你的工作和照顾小孩变得困难，当狼疮发作时你可能会减少活动或者向别人求助，但是大多数狼疮患者还是可以继续他自己的日常活动的。
Outlook for Lupus
Thanks to improvements in treatments for lupus, people with the condition are living significantly longer. The outlook for any given individual depends on how severe the disease is, and whether any vital organs are affected. But most people with lupus can expect to live a normal or nearly normal life span.
展望狼疮
感谢狼疮治疗手段的提升改善，为此狼疮患者可以显著延长寿命。任何一个狼疮患者的预后如何取决于病情的轻重，和是否累及重要的脏器。但对大多数狼疮患者而言，是可以有一个完全正常或是几乎完全正常的生活水平的。